شخصية إدمانية

فهرس الإدمان والاعتمادية
	الإدمان – هو مرض عصبي يتصف بالاستهلاك القهري للمنبهات المجزية على الرغم من العواقب الضارة.; السلوك الإدماني – هو سلوك يتصف بكونه مجزيا ومعززا.; المخدر الإدماني – هو مخدر يتصف بكونه معززا ومجزيا.; الاعتمادية على مادة – هي حالة تكيفية مرتبطة بأعراض انسحابية نتيجة الانقطاع المفاجئ عن منبه مستخدم بصورة متكررة (مثال: تعاطي المخدرات); تَحسُّس الدواء أو التَّحمُّل العكسي – هو التأثير التصاعدي لدواء الناتج من الاستهلاك المتكرر بجرعة معينة.; أعراض انسحابية – أعراض تحدث بسبب الانقطاع المفاجئ عن دواء كان يستهلك بجرعات متكررة.; الاعتماد الجسدي – اعتماد ينطوي على أعراض انسحاب بدنية مستمرة (مثال: التعب والهذيان الارتعاشي); اعتماد نفسي – اعتماد يتضمن أعراض انسحابية تشمل تأثيرات عاطفية–وتحفيزية (مثال: الانزعاج وانعدام التلذذ); منبه معزز – المحفزات التي تزيد من احتمال تكرار السلوك المقترن بها; منبه مُجزٍ – المنبهات التي يعرفها الدماغ بأنها إيجابية ومرغوبة; التحسس – استجابة تضخمية لمنبه ناجمة عن التعرض المتكرر له; اضطراب تعاطي المخدرات – حالة يؤدي فيها استخدام المواد إلى ضعف أو ضائقة كبيرة سريريًا أو وظيفيًا; التحمل – تأثير تناقصي للدواء ناجم عن تعاطي متكرر بجرعة معينة;
	ع; ن; ت;

الشخصية الادمانية هي مجموعة السمات التي تجعل الشخص لديه استعداد للإدمان.^[5] الأشخاص الذين لديهم اعتمادية على المواد يمكن تصنيفهم على أنهم لديهم اعتمادية على المواد بدرجة تؤثر سلبا على حياتهم. الإدمان مجرد سلوك نمطي برتبط بفعل معين يولد اللذة كالانترنت والعمل والمخدرات والتدخين وإلى آخره ويكمن الحل في أن يزاحم حياته بالأمور الأخرى الأقل امتاعا له.

انظر أيضاً

مراجع

^ Malenka RC، Nestler EJ، Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 364–375. ISBN:9780071481274.
^ Nestler EJ (ديسمبر 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. ج. 15 ع. 4: 431–443. PMC:3898681. PMID:24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
^ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-02-09.
^ Volkow ND، Koob GF، McLellan AT (يناير 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. ج. 374 ع. 4: 363–371. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID:26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
^
- Kourosh، Arianne S.؛ Harrington، Cynthia R.؛ Adinoff، Bryon (2010). "Tanning as a Behavioral Addiction". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. ج. 36 ع. 5: 284–90. DOI:10.3109/00952990.2010.491883. PMID:20545604.؛
- Nealon، Dennis (3 أكتوبر 2012). "Adolescent psychiatrist talks about addictive personalities". University of Massachusetts Medical School. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-02-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-11-26.؛
- Dubreucq، Sarah؛ Koehl, Muriel؛ Abrous, Djoher N.؛ Marsicano, Giovanni؛ Chaouloff, Francis (يوليو 2010). "CB1 receptor deficiency decreases wheel-running activity: Consequences on emotional behaviours and hippocampal neurogenesis". Experimental Neurology. ج. 224 ع. 1: 106–113. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.017. PMID:20138171.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن علم النفس بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

[Addiction_glossary-1] Malenka RC، Nestler EJ، Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (ط. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ص. 364–375. ISBN:9780071481274.

[Cellular_basis-2] Nestler EJ (ديسمبر 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. ج. 15 ع. 4: 431–443. PMC:3898681. PMID:24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

[Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3] "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-02-09.

[Brain_disease-4] Volkow ND، Koob GF، McLellan AT (يناير 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". N. Engl. J. Med. ج. 374 ع. 4: 363–371. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID:26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

[5] 
Kourosh، Arianne S.؛ Harrington، Cynthia R.؛ Adinoff، Bryon (2010). "Tanning as a Behavioral Addiction". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. ج. 36 ع. 5: 284–90. DOI:10.3109/00952990.2010.491883. PMID:20545604.؛

Nealon، Dennis (3 أكتوبر 2012). "Adolescent psychiatrist talks about addictive personalities". University of Massachusetts Medical School. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-02-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-11-26.؛

Dubreucq، Sarah؛ Koehl, Muriel؛ Abrous, Djoher N.؛ Marsicano, Giovanni؛ Chaouloff, Francis (يوليو 2010). "CB1 receptor deficiency decreases wheel-running activity: Consequences on emotional behaviours and hippocampal neurogenesis". Experimental Neurology. ج. 224 ع. 1: 106–113. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.017. PMID:20138171.

[6] Kourosh، Arianne S.؛ Harrington، Cynthia R.؛ Adinoff، Bryon (2010). "Tanning as a Behavioral Addiction". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. ج. 36 ع. 5: 284–90. DOI:10.3109/00952990.2010.491883. PMID:20545604.؛

[7] Nealon، Dennis (3 أكتوبر 2012). "Adolescent psychiatrist talks about addictive personalities". University of Massachusetts Medical School. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-02-09. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-11-26.؛

[8] Dubreucq، Sarah؛ Koehl, Muriel؛ Abrous, Djoher N.؛ Marsicano, Giovanni؛ Chaouloff, Francis (يوليو 2010). "CB1 receptor deficiency decreases wheel-running activity: Consequences on emotional behaviours and hippocampal neurogenesis". Experimental Neurology. ج. 224 ع. 1: 106–113. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.017. PMID:20138171.

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